Method for weight reduction

ABSTRACT

A composition for reducing the weight of a human. The composition is provided in the form of a capsule comprising an effective amount of capsaicin and/or analogs thereof, L-tyrosine, supplemental caffeine and/or and analogs thereof, green tea extract containing catechin and caffeine, and embodiments which include calcium. The invention is also directed toward methods for reducing and maintaining weight of a human using the composition.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No.11/112,699, filed Apr. 21, 2005.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a composition to reduce weight and maintainweight loss in overweight or obese individuals, and inhibit weight gainafter weight loss. The composition comprises capsaicin, tyrosine,supplemental caffeine, green tea extract, which comprises catechin andcaffeine, and embodiments which include calcium. The invention isfurther directed to a method of using the composition for weight lossand for maintenance of weight loss.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Overweight and Obese Populations

Prosperous, industrialized countries have a large number of overweightor obese populations. More than half of the adults in the US areoverweight (61%) and more than a quarter (26%) are obese. A person whois overweight or obese has an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.One way that excessive accumulation of fat can occur is throughconsumption of a diet with an energy intake which is greater than theenergy expenditure of the body. It is generally agreed that a person isoverweight if their body weight exceeds their “desirable weight”,whereas obesity is present if the body weight is 20% or more above the“desirable weight” (Council on Scientific Affairs, 1988, “Treatment ofobesity in adults,” JAMA 260:2547-48). Body mass index (BMI) is a commonmeasure expressing the relationship (or ratio) of weight-to-height. Itis a mathematical formula in which a person's body weight in kilogramsis divided by the square of his or her height in meters (i.e.,wt/(ht)²). The BMI is more highly correlated with body fat than anyother indicator of height and weight. Individuals with a BMI of 25 to29.9 are considered overweight, while individuals with a BMI of 30 ormore are considered obese. According to the NIH Clinical Guidelines onthe Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesityin Adults, all adults (aged 18 years or older) who have a BMI of 25 ormore are considered at risk for premature death and disability as aconsequence of overweight and obesity. These health risks increase asthe severity of an individual's obesity increases.

Obesity can be further classified as mild (20-30% overweight), moderate(30-60% overweight) or severe (≧60% overweight). A number of healthhazards correlate with moderate and severe obesity, including impairmentof both cardiac and pulmonary functions, perturbation of endocrinefunctions, emotional problems, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance,non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia.Colonic and rectal cancer are diseases which frequently appear in obesemen, and obese women often suffer from endometrial or gallbladdercancer.

The causes of obesity are complex and not fully understood. Obesity canbe a result of life-style (i.e., patterns of physical activity and foodconsumption), or a result of individual genetic propensity.

Methods of Treatment for Weight Loss

The basic principle of treatment of obese or overweight individuals hasbeen establishment of a negative energy balance. A negative energybalance can be accomplished by using one or a combination of threedifferent methods of treatment. The first method of treatment is thereduction of energy intake. This is essentially possible only throughdietary treatment, as malabsorption of food cannot be obtained safelyeither through medication or surgery. The dietary treatment consists ofa weight reducing diet as well as a weight maintaining diet.

The second method to achieve a negative energy balance is by an increasein physical activity, which leads to increased energy expenditure.However, in order to obtain a significant amount of weight loss, hoursof daily physical activity would be needed. Therefore, physical activityalone plays a minor role in the treatment of obesity but a major role inweight loss maintenance.

The third method to achieve a negative energy balance is through the useof drugs or supplements, either alone or in combination with dietarytreatment and/or increased physical activity. The drugs used in thetreatment of obesity can be appetite-reducing drugs (sibutramine), drugsthat produce malabsorption of fat (orlistat) or carbohydrate (acabose),and thermogenic drugs. A thermogenic drug can be defined as a drugcapable of raising the metabolic rate, i.e., increasing the energyexpenditure. Known thermogenic drugs are, e.g., ephedrine, epinephrine,norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylpropanolamin and caffeine (AstrupA., 1986, Thermogenesis in human brown adipose tissue and skeletalmuscle induced by sympatomimetic stimulation, Acta Endocrinol. 112,suppl 278:1-32; Hollands, M. A., et al, 1981, A simple apparatus forcomparative measurements of energy expenditure in human subjects: thethermic effect of caffeine, Am. J. Clin, Nutr. 34:2291-4). The interestin thermogenic drugs stems from studies which indicate that obesitymight be genetically determined, and that the responsible genetic defectrelates to a thermogenic defect of the obese person (Dulloo, A. &Miller, D. S., 1989, Ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin: “Over-the-counter”drugs that interact to stimulate thermogenesis in the obese, Nutrition5:7-9). The term “a thermogenic compound” or “a thermogenically activecompound” is understood to mean a compound which is within a livinganimal capable of raising metabolic rate, i.e, increasing energyexpenditure. The term “therapeutically active substance” as used hereinis intended to mean any physiologically or pharmacologically activesubstance that produce a localized or systemic effect in humans.

Treatment of overweight or obese individuals with thermogenic drugs isgenerally thought to have successful therapeutic value, and as a resultthere is an interest in the search for new thermogenic compounds.

It has been shown that ephedrine is an effective weight loss agentthrough its ability to increase thermogenesis and quench appetite.However, the publicity concerning adverse reactions has led to itsgradual withdrawal from use. Many companies are now substituting Citrusaurantium for ephedrine in their formulations (Preuss H. G., et al.,2002, Citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight-reduction replacementfor ephedra: an overview, J. Med., 33(1-4):247-64).

While many of the technologies mentioned above are useful in losingweight, the problem is keeping the weight off. Often people “yo-yo”,that is, loose large amounts of weight only to gain it back once theydiscontinue the weight loss program they were on. A reduction in energygain by 50 kcal/day could offset weight gain in about 90% of thepopulation. This could theoretically be accomplished by walking an extramile a day (100 kcal), or simply by eating a few bites less of each meal(Hill, J. O., et al., 2003, Obesity and the environment: where do we gofrom here, Science 299:853-5). Although these simple solutions have beenknown for many years, the majority of the population is still gainingweight. There is clearly a need for simple and safe methods to achievesatiety and decrease spontaneous food intake, as well as to use safe andeffective compounds to increase thermogenesis and lead to weight loss.Therefore, it was of interest to develop a composition containingwell-known, harmless food ingredients which achieve a synergistic effectand leads to weight loss.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to a composition which is administered by anindividual for reducing weight. The composition comprises an effectiveamount of capsaicin and/or analogs thereof, L-tyrosine, green teaextract, supplemental caffeine and/or analogs thereof, and embodimentswhich include calcium. The green tea extract comprises catechin andcaffeine. A preferred embodiment of the composition comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention includes a method for reducing the fat mass and bodyweight of a human. The method involves administration of an effectivedose or amount of the composition of the invention. Yet another aspectof the invention is a method of using the composition of the inventionfor maintaining weight loss by administering effective amounts of thecomposition after an individual achieves a desired reduction of weight.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Relationship between placebo-subtracted estimates of 24-h EE and24-h heart rate in 19 overweight men. Data analyzed by Pearsoncorrelation: plain release formulation (left: r=0.53, p=0.02) andcontrolled release formulation (right: r=0.47, p=0.04).

FIG. 2: Ad libitum energy intake (kJ) of 19 overweight men. The adlibitum meal was served as breakfast after completion of the chamberstay and 2 hours after tablet supplementation. Data are presented asmean±SD and were analyzed by mixed linear models with the dependentvariable adjusted for period. No significant difference was foundbetween treatments.

FIG. 3: Baseline subtracted change in resting metabolic rate (mean±SD)during 4-h measurement in the two subgroups. (A) Acute effect at firstexposure of supplement: placebo group (age: 51.0±10.5 y, n=23, 4 males)and bioactive group (age: 46.6±11.0 y, n=52, 14 males). (B) Subchroniceffect of last exposure after 8-week supplementation: placebo group(age: 51.7±10.9 y, n=21, 3 males) and active group (age: 47.2±10.8 y,n=52, 11 males).

FIG. 4: Relationship between changes in 4-h RMR and diastolic bloodpressure in the active group, n=48, 11 males. Data analysed by Pearsoncorrelation (r=−0.3, p=0.03).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed towards a composition with an effective amountof capsaicin and/or analogs thereof, L-tyrosine, supplemental caffeineand/or analogs thereof, green tea extract containing catechin andcaffeine, and embodiments which include calcium. The invention is alsodirected toward a method for weight reduction and weight maintenancewith use of the composition.

Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is a high ranking neurotransmitter amino acid that canstimulate and modify brain activity to reduce hunger and improve memoryand mental alertness. Experimental studies suggest that tyrosine maypotentiate the effect of ephedrine and other sympathetic nervous systemstimulants on energy balance (Hull, K. M. & Mahar, T. J., 1990,L-tyrosine potentiates the anorexia induced by mixed-actingsympathomimetic drugs in hyperphagic rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp.Thereapeutics 255(2):403-9).

Capsaicin

Capsaicin (CAP) is the major pungent ingredient in fruits of theCapsicum annuum L genus, which include red pepper, paprika and chilies,and has been used throughout the world as a spice. CAP are a class ofcompounds of branched- and straight-chain alkyl vanillylamides. Analogsof CAP's with similar physiological properties are known (Masuda Y., etal., 2003, Upregulation of uncoupling proteins by oral administration ofcapsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analog, J. Appl. Physiol.95(6):2408-15; Szallasi A., & Blumberg P. M., 1990, Resiniferatoxin andits analogs provide novel insights into the pharmacology of thevanilloid (capsaicin) receptor, Life Sci. 47(16):1399-408). For example,resiniferatoxin is described as a CAP analog in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,816,and CAP analogs and methods for their preparation are described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,812,446, both incorporated herein by reference. It has beenshown that CAP added to meals increased SNS activity and EE (YoshiokaM., et al., 1999, Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake,Br. J. Nutr. 82: 115-123. Yoshioka M., et al., 1998, Effects of redpepper added to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals on energymetabolism and substrate utilization in Japanese women, Br. J. Nutr. 80:503-510, Lejeune MPGM., et al., 2003, Effect of capsaicin on substrateoxidation and weight maintenance after modest body-weight loss in humansubjects, Br. J. Nutr. 90: 651-659). However, there are someinconsistencies about the effect of CAP on the substrate oxidation(Yoshioka M., et al., 1995, Effects of red-pepper diet on the energymetabolism in men, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 41: 647-656. Lim K., et al.,1997, Dietary red pepper ingestion increases carbohydrate oxidation atrest and during exercise in runners. Med. Sci. in. Sports Exerc. 29:355-361). CAP is thought to activate the sympathetic nerves viavanilloid receptor 1 (VR-1) by stimulating the release of NE into thesynaptic cleft (Caterina M J., et al., 2000, Impaired nociception andpain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor, Science. 288:306-313. Vogel G, 2000, Hot pepper receptor could help manage pain,Science. 288: 241-242).

CAP is measured in Scoville heat units. The relationship between theconcentration of CAP and Scoville heat units has been determined bymeasuring the concentration of capsaicin by a HPLC method and Scovilleheat units with an electronic sensory nose(Korel, F., et al., 2002,Ground red peppers: capsaicinoids content, Scoville scores, anddiscrimination by electronic nose, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 3257-3261).The formula for determining the Scoville heat units is: 76.8×(CAP mg/100g Capsicum annuum L.)+2691=Scoville heat units. As an example of thecalculation, 76.8×(267 mg CAP/100 g cayenne)+2691=23,200 Scoville heatunits.

Green Tea

Green tea contains catechin and caffeine. Catechins are flavonoids andhave antioxidant properties. Green tea extract rich in the polyphenolcatechin epigallocatechin gallate has been shown to increase sympatheticnervous system activity, and to increase 24-h energy expenditure and fatoxidation (Dulloo A G, et al., 1994, Paraxanthine (metabolite ofcaffeine) mimics caffeine's interference with sympathetic control ofthermogenesis, Am J Physiol, 267:E801-4).

Methylxanthines are a group of related agents including caffeine,paraxanthine, xanthine and others naturally occurring in numerous foodproducts coffee, tea, the cocoa bean etc. Administration ofmethylxanthines has only weak biological effects on thermogenesis andappetite, but when given in conjunction with agents stimulating SNS,they are potent amplifiers of thermogenesis in humans (Dulloo A G, etal., 1994, Paraxanthine (metabolite of caffeine) mimics caffeine'sinterference with sympathetic control of thermogenesis, Am J Physiol,267:E801-4). Although green tea extract contains caffeine, thecomposition of the invention contains additional, supplemental caffeine.Thus, the composition provides caffeine in the green tea extract as wellas supplemental caffeine.

Calcium

Forms of calcium useful in the composition include calcium bound eitherin a salt or in an organic compound (Jacobsen, R., et al, 2005, Effectof short-term high dietary calcium intake on 24-h energy expenditure,fat oxidation, and fecal fat excretion, Intl J. Obesity 29, 292-301).The composition of the invention provides calcium supplementation,regardless of the form in which calcium is furnished to the subject, inthe range of 50-8000 mg elementary calcium. The calcium salts useful inthe invention include, but are not restricted to, calcium carbonate,calcium sulfate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sodium magnesiumphosphate, monodibasic calcium phosphate, dihydrated dibasic calciumphosphate, calcium sodium phosphate. Forms of calcium bound to organicmolecules include, but are not restricted to, calcium lactate, calciumfumarate, calcium malate fumarate, calcium citrate, calcium citratemalate, biolactal calcium, calcium formate, calciumlactogluconate/carbonate.

In the present context the term “overweight” is used as an indication ofa body with a weight exceeding the “desirable weight”, whereas the term“obesity” is used when the body weight is 20% or more above the“desirable weight”. Desirable weights for humans are given by theCouncil on Scientific Affairs defining the desirable weights for humansaccording to Metropolitan Height and Weight Tables as the midpoint ofthe range of the medium-frame individuals (Council on ScientificAffairs, 1988, Treatment of obesity in adults, JAMA 260:2547-48).

The term “effective amount” as used herein is intended to mean theamount of the composition administered to achieve and maintain weightloss in an overweight or obese individual. The effective amounts of theagent in the composition of the invention are effective over a widedosage range and are generally administered in a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount. It will be understood, however, that the effectiveamount of the compound actually administered will be determined in thelight of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to betreated, the chosen route of administration, the age, weight, andresponse of the individual patient, the severity of the patient'ssymptoms, and the like.

The term “bioactive ingredient” as used herein is intended to meannaturally occurring compounds which in an effective amount provideeffective weight reduction treatment of the patient in need thereof. Itwill be understood that other bioactive ingredients can be used that arecapable of inducing a desired response, or treating a particularcondition.

Formulation/Administration

This composition may be administered in a wide variety of product formsincluding non-enteric pharmaceutical dosage forms such as compressed andmolded tablets, hard gelatin capsules, soft elastic gelatin capsules,and microcapsules that dissolve in the stomach, emulsions, andsuspensions, or as part of a beverage or solid food product. The lattermay be used as a meal supplement or replacement.

A dose of the invention contains capsaicin in an amount from about0.1-4.8 mg (10,000-480,000 Scoville heat units), about 101-4,800 mgL-tyrosine, about 12-600 mg supplemental caffeine, about 125-6,000 mg ofgreen tea extract which contains about 31-1,500 mg catechin and about12-600 mg caffeine, and embodiments which include 50-8000 mg calcium.The dose can be given from 1 to about 10 times daily, preferably from 2to about 8 times daily, in particular from 2 to about 4 times daily.

The composition according to the present invention may be formulated foradministration by any suitable route such as the oral, rectal, nasal,topical (dermal) or parenteral administration route. Thus, thecomposition may be in the form of tablets, capsules, suspensions,emulsions, solutions, injectables, suppositories, sprays, aerosols andin other suitable form.

Formulations for oral use include tablets which contain the compositionin a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calciumcarbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodiumphosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, potatostarch or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin oracacia; and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearicacid or talc. Other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can becolorants, flavoring agents, plasticizers, humectants etc. The tabletsmay be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques, optionally todelay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract andthereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, atime delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearatemay be employed.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as chewing tablets orchewing gum, or as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredientis mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein theactive ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example,peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.

Powders, dispersible powders or granules suitable for preparation of anaqueous suspension by addition of water are also convenient dosage formsof the present invention. Formulation as a suspension provides theactive ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent,suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing orwetting agents are, for example, naturally-occurring phosphatides, ase.g. lecithin, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with e.g. afatty acid, a long chain aliphatic alcohol or a partial ester derivedfrom fatty acids and a hexitol or a hexitol anhydrides, for example,polyoxyethylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate etc. Suitable suspending agents are,for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, sodiumalginate etc.

The pharmaceutical formulation may also be administered parenterally(intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or the like) in dosage formsor formulations containing conventional, non-toxic pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and adjuvants. The formulation and preparation ofsuch compositions is well-known to those skilled in the art ofpharmaceutical formulation (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1980,16^(th) Ed. Mack Publishing Company, Eason, USA).

For parenteral use, the pharmaceutical compositions according to theinvention may comprise the compounds in the form of a sterile injection.To prepare such a composition, the compounds are dissolved or suspendedin a parenterally acceptable liquid vehicle. Among acceptable vehiclesand solvents that may be employed are water, water adjusted to asuitable pH by addition of an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid,sodium hydroxide or a suitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solutionand isotonic sodium chloride solution. The aqueous formulation may alsocontain one or more preservatives, for example, methyl, ethyl orn-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.

For the rectal application, suitable dosage forms for a compositionaccording to the present invention include suppositories (emulsion orsuspension type), and rectal gelatin capsules (solutions orsuspensions). In a typical suppository formulation, the thermogeniccompounds are combined with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptablesuppository base such as cocoa butter, esterified fatty acids,glycerinated gelatin, and various water-soluble or dispersible baseslike polyethylene glycols and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acidesters. Various additives like, e.g., enhancers or surfactants may beincorporated.

For the nasal application typical dosage forms for a compositionaccording to the present invention include nasal sprays and aerosols forinhalation. In a typically nasal formulation, the active ingredients aredissolved or dispersed in a suitable vehicle. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicles and excipients and optionally other pharmaceuticallyacceptable materials present in the composition such as diluents,enhances, flavoring agents, preservatives etc. are all selected inaccordance with conventional pharmaceutical practice in a mannerunderstood by the persons skilled in the art of formulatingpharmaceuticals.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may also beadministered topically on the skin for percutaneous absorption in dosageforms or formulations containing conventionally non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients includingmicrospheres and liposomes. The formulations include creams, ointments,lotions, liniments, gels, hydrogels, solutions, suspensions, pastes,plasters and other kinds of transdermal drug delivery systems. Thepharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients may includeemulsifying agents, antioxidants, buffering agents, preservatives,humectants, penetration enhancers, chelating agents, gel forming agents,ointment bases, perfumes and skin protective agents.

Examples of emulsifying agents are naturally occurring gums, e.g., gumacacia or gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, e.g.,soybean lecithin and sorbitan monooleate derivatives. Examples ofantioxidants are butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), ascorbic acid andderivatives thereof, tocopherol and derivatives thereof and cysteine.Examples of preservatives are parabens and benzalkonium chloride.Examples of humectants are glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol andurea. Examples of penetration enhancers are propylene glycol, DMSO,triethanoiamine, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide,2-pyrrolidone and derivatives thereof, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol andAzone™. Examples of chelating agents are sodium EDTA, citric acid andphosporic acid.

Examples of gel forming agents are Carbopol, cellulose derivatives,bentonit, alginates, gelatin and PVP.

Examples of ointment bases are beeswax, paraffin, cetyl palmitate,vegetable oil, sorbitan esters of fatty acids (Span),polyethyleneglycols, and condensation products between sorbitan estersof fatty acids and ethylene oxide, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate (Tween).

The formulation and preparation of the above-mentioned compositions iswell-known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.Specific formulation can be found in “Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences” (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1980, 16^(th) Ed. MackPublishing Company, Eason, USA).

Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present inventioncomprises a combination containing the bioactive ingredients: capsaicinand/or capsaicin-like analogs (for example, but not limited to,structural hallmarks being vanillyl core bound to a branched fatty acidthereof, L-tyrosine, supplemental caffeine and/or analogs thereof, greentea extract comprising catechin and caffeine, and embodiments whichinclude calcium. The composition of the invention may be embodied in oneor more dosage forms. For example, a single dosage form would containcapsaicin and/or analogs thereof, L-tyrosine, calcium, supplementalcaffeine and/or analogs thereof, and green tea extract comprisingcatechin and caffeine. The ingredients may be distributed among avariety of dosage forms administered so as to deliver an effectiveamount of the composition of the invention. In the methods of theinvention, the ingredients of the composition may be taken in a singledosage form. In other embodiments of the methods, the ingredientscomprising an effective amount may be distributed in multiple dosageforms provided that the dosage forms are simultaneously ornear-simultaneously administered. In one aspect the present inventionrelates to a method for reducing the weight of overweight or obesity inindividuals, in particular in humans, the method involvingadministration of an effective amount of the composition of theinvention.

In another aspect, the present invention also relates to a method ofmaintaining weight by subjecting the individual to a diet regimen andthe composition and method of the present invention, after a desiredamount of weight is lost. The diet regimen may include a lowcarbohydrate, a low fat and a low energy regimen, e.g., a diet of from800-2500 kcal/day.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate specific embodimentsof the invention. They are not intended to limit the invention in anymanner.

Example 1 Preparation of Composition

Capsules containing the weight loss formulation in accordance with thepresent invention as a single dosage form having the followingcomposition were prepared as set forth below: Ingredient Amount percapsule Capsaicin 0.1-4.8 mg (10,000-480,000 Scoville heat units) GreenTea Extract 125-6000 mg Catechin 31-1500 mg Caffeine 12-600 mgSupplemental caffeine 12-600 mg L-Tyrosine 101-4800 mg ElementaryCalcium 50-8000 mg

Calcium supplementation, regardless of the form in which calcium isfurnished to the subject, is in the range of 50-8000 mg elementarycalcium. The form(s) of calcium in the composition of the invention areselected from calcium bound either in a salt and/or in an organiccompound. Calcium salts used in the invention include, but are notrestricted to, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, dibasic calciumphosphate, calcium sodium magnesium phosphate, monodibasic calciumphosphate, dihydrated dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sodiumphosphate. Forms of calcium bound to organic molecules include, but arenot restricted to, calcium lactate, calcium fumarate, calcium malatefumarate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate malate, biolactal calcium,calcium formate, calcium lactogluconate/carbonate.

Capsaicin (Capsicum annuum L, cayenne pepper) was obtained from AlpineHealth Products, LLC, Orem, Utah. Green tea extract was obtained fromAlpine Health Products, LLC, Orem, Utah. Supplemental caffeine wasobtained from Alpine Health Products, LLC, Orem, Utah. L-tyrosine wasobtained from Alpine Health Products, LLC, Orem, Utah. Elementarycalcium was obtained from Alpine Health Products, LLC, Orem, Utah.

Procedure: The dry ingredients were mixed and filled in gelatin capsulesusing conventional pharmaceutical methods for preparation of capsules.

Example 2 Weight Loss Treatment Protocol: Study 1

Aim

Some bioactive food ingredients exert weak thermogenic effects afteracute dosing. The purpose of the present study was to examine if a lowdose of a combination of five bioactive food ingredients (capsaicin,catechin, caffeine, tyrosine, and calcium) taken three times a day wasable to increase 24-h energy expenditure, and whether a possible effectwas maintained after 7-days of chronic intake. An enterocoatedpreparation was also tested to examine whether local effects ofcapsaicin in the gastric mucosa had any side effects.

Study Design

The present study was designed as a 3-way crossover, randomized, placebocontrolled, double blind study with each treatment period of 7 daysseparated by a greater than 6 day wash-out. Both supplements (verumtreatment) were administered as one tablet containing green tea extract,tyrosine, anhydrous caffeine, and capsaicin. One supplement containedcapsaicin in a simple release formulation, the other supplementcontained capsaicin in a controlled (enterocoated) release formulation.Both supplements were taken together with one tablet containingbiolactacal calcium. The two tablets were taken three times per day. Thedaily dosage of the bioactive supplement was: green tea extract (750mg—whereof 188 mg catechins and 75 mg caffeine), tyrosine (609 mg),anhydrous caffeine (76 mg), capsaicin (0.6 mg˜120,000 heat units) andbiolactacal calcium (1965 mg). The placebo tablets contained an inertvehicle (microcrystalline cellulose) and could not be distinguished fromthe verum supplements with respect to colour, taste, smell orappearance. Both verum and placebo supplements were taken 30 minutesbefore breakfast, lunch and dinner. The capsaicin containing tabletswere of similar dosage, but differed in release form. The capsaicincompound in the simple release formulation was released in the stomach,whereas the controlled release formulation of the capsaicin componentwas enterocoated in order to delay uptake until the small intestine.During the study period, the subjects were not allowed to change theirdietary and beverage habits, use of spices, level of physical activity,smoking habits, and use of medication.

Subject Selection

Subjects were recruited using advertisement in local newspapers. Theinclusion criteria were: men, 18-70 y, healthy, overweight to obese(BMI: 25-35 kg/m²), no chronic or frequent use of medication, weightstable (within ±3 kg in last 3 mo), non-smoking, non-athletic men.Potential subjects were given written and oral information about thestudy. Nineteen men (Age: 40.8±13.1 y, BMI: 28.0±2.7 kg/m²) participatedin the study. All subjects gave their written consent after havingreceived verbal and written information about the study. The MunicipalEthical Committee of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg approved the study asbeing in accordance with the Helsinki II Declaration.

Effect Evaluation

On the 7^(th) day of each treatment, 24-h energy expenditure (EE),substrate oxidations, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and heartrate were measured in respiration chambers. Appetite sensations andwell-being were measured by visual analogue scales. Spontaneous caloricintake was assessed the following day at an ad libitum intake of abreakfast meal.

Respiratory Measurements

On the seventh and last day of each treatment period, EE and substrateoxidation rates were measured by indirect whole-body calorimetry, basedon oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and nitrogen excretion fromurine in a 14.7 m³ respiratory chamber as previously described in detail(Astrup, A. et al., 1990, Prediction of 24 h energy expenditure and itscomponents from physical characteristics and body composition innormal-weight humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:777-83). The volume ofoutgoing air from the chambers was measured by the principle ofdifferential pressure (AVA 500, Hartmann & Braun, Frankfurt, Germany).The concentration of carbon dioxide of the outgoing air was measured byinfrared analysis (Urea 3G, Hartmann & Braun) and concentration ofoxygen by paramagnetic principle (Mangos 4G, Hartmann & Braun). Thechamber temperature was kept approximately on 24° C. during the day(07:30-23:00) and 18° C. during the night (23:00-07:30).

To minimize stress responses, the subjects were instructed to arrive 10hours prior to the test day and spend the night in the chambers, to letthe subjects get accustomed to the milieu. After voiding at 08:00 thefollowing morning, anthropometric measurements were assessed. Bodyweight was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg on a decimal scale(Lindeltronic 8000, Copenhagen, Denmark) and height to the nearest 0.5cm. Blood pressure was measured by an automatically inflating cuff(digital blood pressure meter model UA-743, A&D Company Ltd, Tokyo,Japan) and reported as average of two measurements. To detect possibleinfections, body temperature was assed by digital thermometer (BectonDickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) and an urine sample, collected at thebeginning of the respiratory measurement, was tested using sticks forproteinuria, haematuria, and glucoseuria. Subsequently, urine wascollected during the 24 h measurement but separated into day urine(09:00-23:00) and night urine (23:00-09:00). The urine samples were usedto adjust the respiratory measurements for nitrogen excretion.

The protocol included standardized respiratory measure of 24-h EE, whichwas measured at the beginning of the respiratory measurement at 09:00and continued during the next 24 hours. The basal metabolic rate(EE_(BMR)) was measured in the last hour of the chamber stay, 08:00 to09:00 on the second morning, after 13 h of fasting. Furthermore, EEduring sleep was measured from 01:00 to 06:00. Other parameters includedin the protocol were 24-h oxidation of macronutrients: carbohydrate(OX_(cho)), fat (OX_(fat)), and protein (OX_(prot)), 24-h respiratoryquotient (24-h RQ), and 24-h energy balance (energy balance=energyintake−energy expenditure) in the chamber.

During the chamber stay, the heart rate was registered by a portable ECGdevise (Dialogue 2000 type 2070-14 XTNJ, Dania Electronics, Rodovre,Denmark), which was attached to the subjects. SPA was assessed by twomicrowave radar detectors (Sisor Mini-Radar, Static Input System SA,Lausanne, Switzerland), which continuously emits and receives a signal.The SPA measurements indicate the percentage of time in which thesubjects are active to a detectable degree.

The standard 24-h EE protocol contained fixed scheduled physicalactivity. There was included two sessions of 15 minutes cycling, carriedout on an ergometer bicycle (Monark 814E, Monark AB, Varberg, Sweden)with 75 W in work output, as well as two sessions of walking back andforth 25 times in the chamber. Otherwise, only sedentary activities wereallowed.

After completion of the respiratory measurement, body weight and bloodpressure was assessed. Body composition, fat free mass (FFM) and fatmass (FM), was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis using anAnimeter (HTS-Engineering Inc, Odense, Denmark) and calculated aspreviously described (Lukaski, H. C., et al., 1986, Validation oftetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human bodycomposition. J. Appl. Physiol. 60:1327-32).

Respiration Chamber Diets

The subjects were given three main meals and one snack during the 24-hchamber stay. The diet was identical on each chamber stay. Theindividual energy intake was a controlled weight-maintenance diet(Klausen B., et al. 1997, Age and sex effects on energy expenditure, Am.J. Clin. Nutr. 65:895-907).

Energy intake (kJ/24 h)=387.8+116.2 FFM (kg)+190.5 SPA (%)+29.2 FM (kg)+41.0 DE (min)+140.4 sex−4.48 age (y), where physical activity (SPA) wasestimated to 5.8%, duration of exercise (DE) to 30 min and sex (males)to 1 (Klausen B., et al. 1997, Age and sex effects on energyexpenditure, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:895-907). The energy content ofprotein, carbohydrate, and fat were 17%, 56%, and 27%, respectively,calculated by using computerized version of The Danish NutrientDatabase, Dankost 2000® version 1.4C (National Food Agency of Denmark,Soborg, Denmark). The subjects were aloud to drink ad libitum water andcaffeine-free coffee and tea during the chamber stay.

After completion of respiratory measurements, the subjects were given anad libitum breakfast 2 h after intake of two tablets (one tabletcontaining green tea (250 mg), tyrosine (203 mg), anhydrous caffeine (25mg), capsaicin (0.2 mg) and one tablet biolactacal calcium (655 mg) ortwo tablets of placebo). The meal was composed of 325 g cheesesandwiches and 150 mL water. The subjects were instructed to eat at aconstant pace and to terminate the meal when they felt satiated. Adlibitum energy intake (EI_(ad)) was assessed by the consumed amount ofthe meal.

Questionnaires

To monitor each subject's appetite-sensations during the chamber stay,visual analogue scales (VAS) were used. The scales consisted of 10 cm,unmarked, unipolar, horizontal lines with words anchored at each end,expressing the most positive (i.e., good or pleasant) or most negative(i.e., bad or unpleasant) ratings (Hill, A. J., et al., 1984, Hunger andpalatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, duringand after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food, Appetite5:361-71). The scales contained questions about subjective sensations ofhunger, satiety, prospective consumption, fullness, thirst, well-beingand desire to eat something sweet, salty, rich in fat, or meat/fish. Thesubjects were instructed to complete visual analogue scales ½ h beforelunch and dinner, 1 h after the beginning of the meals and just afterthe completion of the respiratory measurement.

At the ad libitum breakfast, identical visual analogue scales were usedjust before beginning of the meal and after 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Tomonitor the subjective opinion of organoleptic quality of the meal,visual analogue scales (appearance, smell, taste, after-taste andgeneral palatability) were completed just after termination of the meal.

During the treatment periods, the subjects were supplied with a bookletcontaining identical questions for each day which were to be completedconsecutively. The questionnaires included questions about compliance oftreatment, side effects and general well-being.

Statistical Analysis

All results are given in mean and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Thesignificant level was set at <0.05. Statistical analyses were performedwith SAS 8.2 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.). All data was,prior to the statistical analysis, tested for normality by Shapiro-WilkW test and variance homogeneity. Differences between treatments weretested by analysis of mixed linear models, with or without adjusting forvarious confounders. Post hoc comparisons were made, with Turkey-Krameradjustment of significance levels for the pair-wise comparison, usingunpaired t-test when the analysis indicated significant treatmenteffect.

To investigate the influence of various confounders, estimates of thedifference between the capsaicin treatments and placebo in 24-h EE werecalculated by subtracting placebo from the active treatments(EE_(treatment)−EE_(placebo)). Data were analyzed by analysis of mixedlinear models. The difference of the active treatment and placebo wassignificant if zero was not included in the 95% CI. The relationshipbetween 24-h EE and 24-h heart rate (both placebo-subtracted) was testedin a Pearson correlation test.

The ratings of the visual analogue scales were calculated as in areaunder the curve (AUC) and the difference between treatments was testedby the analysis of mixed linear models adjusted for baseline. Differencebetween treatments and the prevalence of self-reported side effects wastested by the homogeneity test.

Results

Energy Expenditure

The 7-day treatment had no significant effects on body weight, BMI, fatfree mass, or fat mass (Table 1), or on unadjusted 24-h EE, BMR,EE_(sleep), SPA, and energy balance (Table 2). There was no periodiceffect on 24-h EE among treatments or any interaction between treatmentand the previous treatment (carry-over effect). However, the small groupdifferences in body weight and SPA influenced EE. 24-h EE was adjustedfor both covariates, body weight and SPA (Table 3). After adjustment,24-h EE was increased significantly by 160 kJ/d (95% CI: 15 to 305) bythe simple preparation as compared to placebo, whereas the enterocoatedpreparation had no effect (53 kJ/d, −92 to 198).

On average, the energy balance was slightly negative during the chamberstays among all treatments. The plain formulation produced a significantdeficit on 24-h energy balance, 193 kJ/d (49 to 338, P=0.03) compared toplacebo. There was no indication of significant difference in unadjustedor adjusted BMR, EE_(sleep), or 24-h respiratory quotient (Table 2).

The relationship between the placebo-subtracted 24-h EE of both activetreatments was found to positively correlate with the placebo-subtractedheart rate (plain formulation, r=0.53, p=0.02; enterocoated formulation,r=0.47, p=0.04) (FIG. 1).

Substrate Oxidation

There was no treatment effect on 24-h protein, carbohydrate or fatoxidation, and this was not altered by adjustment for energy balance andbody weight (Table 4).

Spontaneous Physical Activity, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Total unadjusted 24-h SPA was similar with both treatments and withplacebo. The same applied for heart rate, and diastolic and systolicblood pressure (Table 2).

Appetite Sensations and Ad Libitum Intake

Treatment period exerted a strong confounding effect (p=0.0005) onenergy intake at the ad libitum test meals. There was no significanteffects of bioactive supplements versus placebo. However, energy intakedecreased by 6% following the enterocoated formulation as compared toplacebo (−180 kJ (−458:98), adjusted −154 kJ (−385:76) (FIG. 2). Theenergy intake was similar on the simple formulation and on placebo (−78kJ (−356:201), adjusted −27 kJ (−282:228)). There was no significanteffect of either meal sequence or time on energy intake.

At the ad libitum meal the visual analogue scale ratings of the appetitesensations showed no significant difference between the supplements.Subjects rated the organoleptic quality of the meal as mediocre, andthere was no significant difference between supplements.

Side Effects

In general, the frequency of self-reported side effects was similaramong treatments. However, the placebo supplement gave rise to a higherfrequency of headaches than did the bioactive supplements (Table 5).Borborygmia and flatulence were reported by 16 and 11% of the subjectson the simple and enterocoated versions, respectively.

Summary

After adjustment for changes in body weight, SPA, and energy intake,24-h EE was increased by 160 kJ/d (95% CI: 15 to 305) by the simplepreparation as compared to placebo, whereas the enterocoated preparationhad no effect (31 kJ/d, −73 to 135; simple vs. enterocoated versions,P=0.01). The plain preparation produced a deficit on 24-h energy balanceof 193 kJ/d (49 to 338, P=0.03). The enterocoated supplementsinsignificantly decreased ad libitum food intake by 6% whereas thesimple formulation had no effect compared to placebo. None of thebioactive supplement had no detectable effect on substrate oxidations,SPA, heart rate or general well-being.

Subjects rated the organoleptic quality of the meal as mediocre, andthere was no significant difference between supplements.

The simple supplement containing bioactive food ingredients was able toincrease daily EE by 160 kJ/day (95% CI: 15-305) compared to the placebotreatment without raising heart rate or producing other adverse effects.The inability of the enterocoated supplement to increase EE suggeststhat a local action of capsaicin in the gastric mucosa is a prerequisitefor exerting the thermogenic effect. The weight reduction effect broughtabout by a combination of an effective amount of bioactive ingredientsof the composition: capsaicin, tyrosine, supplemental caffeine, calcium,and green tea extract comprising catechin and caffeine. This effectproduced a marked suppression of hunger, stimulated energy expenditureand fat oxidation, thereby producing weight loss in overweight and obesesubjects. Additionally, the significant thermogenic effect of thecomposition of the invention in the present study was still presentafter 7 days of chronic treatment.

Example 3 Weight Loss Treatment Protocol: Study 2

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the thermogenic effectof the compound of the invention (Example 1) was maintained beyond the 7days tested in study one (Example 2), and whether the negative energybalance translated into a loss of body fat over 8 weeks.

Subject Selection

The subjects were selected as described in Example 2. Ninety-threehealthy Danish overweight to obese (mean BMI: 31.3±2.6 kg/m², age:46.2±11.8 y, 23 males) were recruited for participation.

Experimental Protocol

The study period lasted 12 weeks. The intervention design was an 8-weekrandomized 3-arm parallel, placebo-controlled and double-blindintervention. Prior to the randomized intervention a weight loss wasinitiated by 4-week treatment with a 3.4 MJ/d low caloric diet (LCD)(Speasy®, Dansk Droge, Ishøj, Denmark), consisting of 6 meals of 37 gformula suspended in 250 ml water. The diet provided 75 g protein (7 gcaseinat, 68 g soy protein), 96 g carbohydrate (16 g maltodextrin, 80 gfructose), 15 g oat fibre, and 12 g unsaturated fat per day. Of the 93subjects enrolled in the LCD phase, eighty subjects fulfilled thepre-defined requirement to loose more than 4% of their initial bodyweight after the 4 weeks LCD treatment were randomized to the weightmaintenance phase of the study. One subject did not meet the abovecriteria and was excluded from the study. Furthermore, 13 subjectsdropped out of the LCD phase due to lack of ability to follow the studyprotocol (12) and illness (1).

Eighty subjects (BMI: 31.2±2.5 kg/m², age: 47.6±11.0 y, 18 males) wererandomized into 3 groups, i.e., placebo (n=23, 4 men), simple releasebioactive group (n=29, 8 men) and enterocoated release bioactive group(n=28, 6 men). The simple and enterocoated release bioactive supplementswere identical apart from the release form. The bioactive supplementswere administrated as 9 tablets in total per day containing green teaextract (1500 mg—whereas 375 mg catechins and 150 mg caffeine), tyrosine(1200 mg), anhydrous caffeine (150 mg), calcium carbonate (3890 mgwhereof 2000 mg elementary calcium) simple or controlled (enterocoated)release form of capsaicin (1.2 mg˜240,000 Scoville heat units). Thecapsaicin containing tablets were of similar dosage, but differed inrelease form. The capsaicin compound in the simple release formulationwas released in the stomach whereas the controlled release formulationthe capsaicin component was enterocoated in order to delay uptake untilthe small intestine. The placebo tablets contained 50/50microcrystalline cellulose and maltodextrin and could not bedistinguished from the bioactive supplements with respect to the 9tablets per day, color, taste, smell or appearance. Active or placebosupplements were taken as 3 tablets 30 minutes before breakfast, lunchand dinner. The study compounds were distributed to the subjects intablet bottles. As a compliance indicator, the subjects returned thetablet bottle every fortnight and the remaining tablets were counted.

During the intervention all subjects received dietary instruction to aslightly hypocaloric diet providing −1250 kJ/d using an isoenergeticeducational system. The dietary advice was reinforced by dieteticconsultations every fortnight. The subjects were not allowed to changetheir dietary and beverage habits (including intake of coffee and tea),use of spices, level of physical activity, smoking habits, and use ofmedication throughout the study period.

Furthermore, the subjects were supplied with a booklet containingidentical questions for each day to be completed consecutively duringthe supplementation period. The questionnaires included questions aboutcompliance to treatment (daily accurate time for intake and number oftablets taken), side effects and general well-being.

Five participants (4 male) dropped out of the phase 2 part of the studydue to lack of ability to follow the study protocol (n=2 enterocoated),illness (n=1 placebo) and chronic nausea/vertigo (n=1 placebo (female),n=1 simple).

Methods

Assessment of anthropometric measures was preformed as described inExample 2. All participants underwent assessments of resting metabolicrate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) by indirect calorimetry using aventilated hood system. RMR was calculated using a formula assuming afixed protein catabolism as the error of calculating RMR by omitting theexact correction from urinary nitrogen is negligible and too weak toestimate during a short time period. The precision of the ventilatedhood system was validated by an alcohol burning test on weekly basis; CV% was 1.5.

The respiratory measurements were of 5-h duration, i.e., from 8 a.m. to1 p.m. and were conducted at initiation and completion of theintervention (first and last day of intervention). Before each 5-hrespiratory measurement the participants rested in a supine position for30 minutes. Between 8 and 9 a.m. two baseline measurements (2×25minutes) were assessed. Afterwards the participants ingested ⅓ of thedaily dose of medication whereupon 25-minute respiratory measurementswere repeated 8 times during the next 4 hours. The participants wereinstructed to fast for 10-h before the measurement. The subjectsabstained from other than habitual medication and alcohol and hardphysical activity for 24-h before the two respiratory measurements. Tolimit diurnal variation and inter- and intra subject variations, allmeasurements were be carried out according to an identical time scheduleand at the same time of the day.

Urine and Fecal Samples

The subjects collected all feces for duration of three consecutive dayswithin one week prior to each respiratory measurement. All feces werecollected in preweighed containers. The fecal samples were weighed andfrozen at −20° C. Before analysis the samples were freeze-dried andhomogenized, and samples from the same collection period were pooled.Fecal energy was obtained using a bomb calorimeter (Ika-calorimetersystem C4000 Heitersheim, Germany). CV_(intra) and CV_(inter) were 0.1%and 0.2%, respectively. Before fat content was measured the samples wereacid hydrolyzed with 3 N HCl. Total fat content was measured by a methodmodified after Bligh & Dyer (Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J., 1959, A rapidmethod of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem.Physiol. 37: 911-7).

In addition, all subject collected 24-h urine during each fecescollection periods. As a biomarker of complete urine samples, 3 tabletswith a total of 240 mg 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) were taken at mealtimes. The volume and density of each 24-h urine collection weredetermined, and 4 samples were frozen at −20° C. until further analysis.Urine samples were analyzed for aromatic amines (PABA) by colorimetricmethod using a spectrophotometer (Stasar; Gilford InstrumentsLaboratories Inc, Oberlin, Ohio) with CV_(intra) and CV_(inter) 2.3% and2.1%, respectively. Urine samples with a PABA recovery 85% wereconsidered incomplete urine collections. Nitrogen content was measuredusing the Dumas method with a nitrogen analyser (NA1500, Carlo ErbaStrumentazione, Milano, Italy). CV_(intra) and CV_(inter) were 1.1% and1.6%, respectively. Urinary calcium concentration was measured usingatomic absorption on a Spectra AA-200 (Varian, Victoria, Austrailia).CV_(intra) was 2.1% and CV_(inter) was 2.9%. Urinary content ofcatechols was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) methods.

Stastistical Analysis

First the effect of the bioactive compound was assessed by analyzing thetwo groups together as one group versus placebo. Subsequently, the twobio-active groups were compared. As no significant difference was foundbetween the two bioactive groups regarding fat loss, and of thethermogenic effect of the supplement at first and last exposure oftreatment and therefore no indication of any effect on thermogenesis andfat loss of the release form.

All results are given in mean and standard deviation (S.D.). Thesignificant level was set at <0.05. Statistical analyses were performedwith SAS 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.). All data was analysed asintention-to-treat and the last observation was carried forward. Priorto the statistical analysis all data was tested for normality byShapiro-Wilk W test and variance homogeneity and data-transformed ifnecessary. Differences in between supplements were tested by analysis ofvariance (general linear models (GLM)), with or without adjusting forvarious confounders. Post hoc comparisons were made, with Turkey-Krameradjustment of significance levels for the pair wise comparison, usingunpaired t-test when the analysis indicated significant treatmenteffect.

Respiratory measurements (4-h RMR and RQ) were tested by mixed linearmodels procedure as repeated measurement adjusted for baseline level.Furthermore, after subtraction of the baseline level ratings of RMR andRQ were calculated as an area under the curve (AUC). Difference betweeninitiation and completion of the intervention was tested by ANCOVAadjusted for baseline both within and between supplements.

The relationship between changes in 4-h RMR (AUC) and anthropometric andhemodynamic measures during the intervention was tested in a Pearsoncorrelation test. Difference between treatments in the prevalence ofself-reported adverse events was tested by homogeneity test.

RESULTS

Body Weight and Composition

At baseline there was no difference between the groups that were laterrandomized into the 3 weight maintenance groups with respect to BMI,waist circumference, body weight and composition. BMI, waistcircumference, body weight and composition were reduced significantlyduring the LCD period compared to the baseline levels. However, thechanges were not significantly different between the groups (Table 6).

At initiation of the randomized supplementation period, baseline BMI,waist circumference, body weight and composition were not significantlydifferent between groups (Table 7). During the supplementation periodbody weight, BMI and waist circumference were reduced significantlyreduced in both groups. In the placebo group body weight decreased by1.1±2.4 (n=23, P=0.04) and in the active group by 1.3±2.2 kg (n=57,P<0.0001). This weight loss, however, was not statistically significantdifferent from the placebo group (Table 6).

Fat mass was reduced by 1.8±2.1 kg in the active group (P<0.01), versus0.8±2.4 kg in the placebo (P=NS) (active vs. placebo P<0.10). Becausethe size of the weight loss in the LCD phase as well as the fat masssize are known determinants of the weight loss during the randomizedpart of the trial, we analyzed the changes in fat mass in the randomizedphase with initial body fat mass (P<0.04) and weight changes during theLCD period (P<0.001) as covariates. In this analysis the fat loss in theactive group of 1.8±2.1 kg was significantly greater than that the0.8±2.4 kg in the placebo group, the difference being 0.9 (95% CI 0.5:1.3) kg fat (P<0.05). The reduction of percentage of total body fatsupported these findings. The percentage of body fat mass wassignificantly reduced during the intervention in the active group by1.6±2.0% (P<0.0001). The placebo group was insignificantly reduced by0.7±2.4%. When comparing the groups with respect to body fat (%) lossthere was a difference: −1.6±2.0% (P<0.001) in the bioactive versusbeing 0.9% (95% CI 0.6:1.3, P=0.075). Adjusting for the percentage bodyfat mass (P<0.04) at initiation of the supplementation and weightchanges during the LCD period (P<0.001), the change of percentage oftotal body fat was significantly different between groups, active group:−1.7±2.1% vs. placebo: −0.6±2.4% (P=0.03).

Compliance

Compliance with treatment of the placebo and active group was 95.1±6.6%and 94.7±7.8%, respectively. No significant difference was found betweenthe groups.

Resting Metabolic Rate and Respiratory Exchange Ratio

After adjustment for baseline RMR, the repeated measurement of RMR onthe first day of intervention (FIG. 3A) showed that the bioactivesupplement caused significant increase in resting metabolic rate ascompared to placebo by 87.3 (50.9: 123.7) kJ/4 h, p=0.005 (FIG. 3A).After 8 weeks of sub-chronic supplementation, the effect of thebioactive supplement on RMR was maintained as the bioactive supplementcaused a significant increase in resting metabolic rate as compared toplacebo by 85.5 (47.6:123.4) kJ/4 h, p=0.03, (FIG. 3B). Furthermore, nosignificant change in 4-h measurements of RMR or baseline values wasfound between the first and last exposure of treatment in any of thegroups. The bioactive supplement was not different between the firstexposure and after 8-week treatment, which suggests that the thermogeniceffect was not attenuated during chronic treatment, since the bioactivesupplement caused a 2.4% increase in 4-h RMR (99.7±19.2 kJ/4 h, p<0.001)when adjusted for the interaction between time and treatment.

Baseline values and 4-h repeated measurements of RER were similar inboth treatments at initiation and completion of the intervention period.Furthermore, the changes in 4-h RER and baseline values between startand completion of the intervention showed no significant differencebetween supplements.

Hemodynamic Measures

In both groups, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure wasreduced significantly during the LCD period compared to the baselinelevels (Table 6). During the weight maintenance phase heart rate,systolic or diastolic blood pressures were not significantly differentfrom the changes in the placebo group. However, heart rate was increasedsignificantly by 5.6% (3.2±7.6 bpm, P=0.003) in the active group, butthis change was not different from the increase in the placebo group of2.5±6.6 bpm. Although changes in RMR, body composition and homodynamicmeasures were observed during the intervention, no relationship wasfound between changes in RMR and body weight and composition. However, asignificant correlation was found between change in RMR and diastolicblood pressure (r=−0.3, p=0.03) between the groups (FIG. 4).

Fecal Excretion of Energy and Fat

The active group excreted 14% more energy compared to placebo (adjustedfor baseline fecal energy excretion P=0.5) (Table 8). No significantdifference was found between groups regarding changes between LCD andintervention. Change in excretion of fecal fat from the LCD period andthe intervention was not significant different between groups (Table 8).

Urinary Excretion of Nitrogen, Calcium and Catecholamines

Nitrogen excretion was similar between groups during the LCD and theintervention periods (Table 8). The calcium excretion level wassignificantly higher in the intervention group compared to placebo(adjusted for baseline: 38±20(mean±S.D.), P=0.03). The norepinephrinelevels were higher in the active groups during both periods and theadrenalin levels lower compared to placebo (Table 8). When comparing thechanges in norepinephrine and epinephrine between the to period nosignificant difference was found between groups, 7.1 nmol/day (95% CI:−16.6; 30.9), P=0.8, and 1.1 nmol/day (95% CI: −3.8 ; 6.0), P=0.8,respectively.

Adverse Events (AE)

The two groups were homogeneous with respect to the frequency ofspecific types of self-reported AE and total sum of self-reported AEsduring the 8-week supplementation (P=NS) (Table 9). However, the placebosupplement gave rise to a higher frequency of headaches than verum(Table 9). No difference was found be ween groups in regard togastro-intestinal problems (P=NS).

Prevention or Inhibition of Weight Regain After Desired Weight Loss

The results show that the thermogenic effects of the composition of theinvention administered after a desired weight loss apparently inhibitedweight regain. Accordingly, a method of the invention includespreventing or inhibiting weight regain after desired weight loss byadministering the composition of the invention in protocols as describedabove.

Specifically, the study which supports this utility of the invention ispart of the above-reported findings in which:

Design: 80 overweight-obese subjects (BMI: 31.2±2.5 kg/m2, mean ±S.D.)underwent an initial 4-week hypocaloric meal replacement diet (3.4MJ/d). Those who lost >4% received instruction to a hypocaloric diet(−1.3 MJ/d), and were randomized to receive either placebo (n=23) orbioactive supplement (n=57) in a double-blind, 8-week intervention. Thethermogenic effect of the compound was tested at the first and last dayof intervention, and body weight and composition, blood pressure andheart rate were assessed.

Results: The weight reduction during the weight loss induction phase was6.8±1.9 kg. At the first exposure the thermogenic effect of thebioactive supplement exceeded that of placebo by 87.3 kJ/4 h (95% CI:50.9; 123.7, P=0.005), and after 8 weeks this effect was sustained (85.5kJ/4 h (47.6; 123.4), P=0.03). Body fat mass decreased more in thesupplement group by 0.9 kg (0.5; 1.3) compared with placebo (P<0.05).The bioactive supplement had no effect on fecal fat excretion, bloodpressure or heart rate.

Example 4 Weight Loss Treatment Protocol: Study 3

Following the protocols of Examples 1, 2, and 3, a study is conductedusing the composition below. The results show that the composition ofthe invention results in weight loss and inhibition of weight regain,brought about by a combination of an effective amount of bioactiveingredients of the composition: capsaicin, tyrosine, supplementalcaffeine, and green tea extract comprising catechin and caffeine.Ingredient Amount per capsule Capsaicin 0.1-4.8 mg (10,000-480,000Scoville heat units) Green Tea Extract 125-6000 mg Catechin 31-1500 mgCaffeine 12-600 mg Supplemental caffeine 12-600 mg L-Tyrosine 101-4800mg

While the invention has been described by reference to specificembodiments, this is for illustrative purposes only. Variousmodifications to the above invention will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art, all of which are intended to fall within the spiritand scope of the present invention. All patents and publicationsreferred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference TABLE 1 PhysicalCharacteristics of the 19 Subjects Measured After the First 24-hRespiratory Chamber Stay Controlled Plain Treatment Treatment PlaceboBody Weight 90.2 (86.1:94.6) 90.1 (86.1:94.5) 89.9 (86.2:94.3) (kg) BMI(kg/m²) 27.7 (26.6:28.8) 27.6 (26.6:28.8) 27.6 (26.6:28.7) Fat-free Mass65.4 (63.1:68.0) 65.6 (63.3:68.1) 65.5 (63.3:68.0) (kg) Fat Mass (kg)24.7 (22.4:27.2) 24.4 (22.1:26.9) 24.3 (22.0:26.8)Mean (95% CI), n = 57 observations. Data analyzed in mixed linearmodels.

TABLE 2 Energy Expenditure (EE), Energy Balance, Physical Activity Level(SPA), Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively)and Heart Rate Measured for 24 h in a Respiratory Chamber Plaintreatment Controlled treatment Placebo 24-h EE (MJ/d) ¹ 11.1 (10.7:11.5)10.9 (10.5:11.5) 10.9 (10.4:11.4) 24-h EE_(adj) ² (MJ/d) 11.1(10.8:11.3) ^(a) 11.0 (10.7:11.2) 10.9 (10.7:11.2) BMR-EE (kJ/h) ¹ 386(363:407) 379 (354:398) 378 (355:403) BMR-EE_(adj) ² (kJ/h) 386(374:397) 384 (373:395) 383 (372:395) Sleep-EE (kJ/h) 342 (325:359) 337(320:354) 342 (325:358) Sleep-EE_(adj) ²(kJ/h)¹ 340 (331:348) 337(329:346) 338 (330:347) Energy Intake (MJ/day) 10.2 (9.8:10.5) 10.2(9.8:10.5) 10.2 (9.8:10.5) 24-h Energy Balance (kJ/d) −959 (−1336:−582)−790 (−1167:−413) −758 (−1135:−381) 24-h Energy Balance_(adj) ³ −947(−1308:−587) ^(b) −806 (−1167:−446) −754 (−1114:−393) (kJ/d) SBP (mmHg)125 (119:131) 119 (113:126) 121 (115:127) DBP (mmHg) 75 (70:80) 72(67:77) 73 (68:78) Heart Rate (bpm) ¹ 67.0 (63.8:70.4) 65.6 (61.7:69.2)65.9 (63.1:69.2) Heart Rate_(adj) ² (bpm) 67.4 (63.8:70.9) 66.0(62.4:69.6) 66.3 (62.7:69.9) Respiratory Quotient 0.84 (0.83:0.85) 0.84(0.83:0.85) 0.84 (0.82:0.85) SPA (%) 8.4 (7.8:9.0) 8.28 (7.7:8.9) 8.4(7.8:9.0)Mean (95% CI), n = 57 observations. Nonadjusted and adjusted variablesanalyzed in mixed linear models. Pairwise comparisons betweensupplements were adjusted with Turkey-Kramer test.¹ log transformed² Adjusted for weight, SPA³ Adjusted for weight and 24-h SPA^(a) Tendency for significant difference between the plain treatment andplacebo, P = 0.06^(b) Significant difference between the plain treatment and placebo, P <0.05

TABLE 3 Placebo-subtracted 24-h Energy Expenditure Before and AfterAdjustment for Various Confounders Difference Significance of Plain vsControlled vs. between Adjustment covariable(s) placebo placebosupplements No Adjustment 181 (−19:374) 32 (−168:232) P = 0.07 BW P =0.001 168 (−1:336) 45 (−123:214) P = 0.08 24-h SPA P = 0.001 168 (4:331)45 (−118:208) P = 0.1 BW/24-h SPA P = 0.03/0.04 160 (15:305) 53(−92:198) P = 0.09BW: placebo-subtracted bodyweight (kg); 24-h SPA: placebo-subtracted24-h spontaneous physical activity (%). Mean (95% CI), n = 38observations. Data were analyzed in mixed linear models.

TABLE 4 Substrate Oxidation Measured During the 24-h Respiratory ChamberStay Controlled Plain Treatment Treatment Placebo Protein 15.8(14.9:16.7) 15.6 (14.7:16.5) 15.8 (15.0:16.7) Oxidation _(adj) (%)Carbohydrate 38.6 (34.7:42.6) 39.6 (35.6:43.5) 38.2 (34.3:42.2)Oxidation _(adj) (%) Fat 45.6 (41.6:49.5) 44.8 (40.9:48.7) 45.9(42.0:49.8) Oxidation _(adj) (%)Mean (95% CI), n = 57 observationsVariables were adjusted for energy balance and weight and analyzed bymixed linear models with the dependent variable adjusted for differentconfounders. Subjects were set as random variable and subjects andtreatment as class variables.

TABLE 5 Number of Subjects Reporting Side Effects During 7-day Treatmentwith the Plain Version of the Supplement, the Controlled, and thePlacebo Plain Controlled Side Effects Treatment Treatment PlaceboStomach Pain 2 1 2 Watery Faeces 2 1 4 Blood in Faeces 1 IncreasedDefecation Frequency 1 2 1 Constipation/Inspissated Faeces 2 1 1 PainfulUrination/Defecation 2 1 1 Borborygmia/Flatus 3 2 Headache 1 2 5Decreased Appetite 1 Increased Appetite 1 1 Heartburn 1 2 1 IncreasedThirst 3 1 Nausea/Vertigo 1 1 1 Increased Sweating 1 2 Total^(a) 17 1820^(a)Homogeneity test was used when testing the difference betweensupplements in the prevalence of total self-reported side effects (P =NS).

TABLE 6 Mean Decreases (mean ± S.D.) for Efficacy Outcome by GroupPlacebo Group Intervention Group (n = 23, 4 males) (n = 57, 14 males)P-value Weight Loss (kg) LCD −6.6 ± 1.9 −6.8 ± 2.0 0.66 Intervention−1.1 ± 2.4 −1.3 ± 2.2 0.69 BMI (kg/m²) LCD −2.4 ± 0.6 −2.3 ± 0.6 0.66Intervention −0.4 ± 0.9 −0.5 ± 0.8 0.75 Fat Mass (kg) LCD −4.1 ± 1.9−4.1 ± 2.2 0.95 Intervention −0.8 ± 2.4 −1.8 ± 2.1 0.09 Fat Free Mass(kg) LCD −2.5 ± 2.3 −2.7 ± 2.0 0.74 Intervention −0.1 ± 2.2  0.5 ± 1.70.21 Percentage Fat LCD −2.0 ± 2.3 −2.0 ± 2.1 0.90 Intervention −0.7 ±2.4 −1.6 ± 2.0 0.08 Waist Circumference (cm) LCD −5.7 ± 2.4 −6.3 ± 3.40.43 Intervention −3.0 ± 3.0 −3.0 ± 3.9 0.98 Systolic Blood Pressure(mmHg) LCD −10.5 ± 13.3  −7.0 ± 14.4 0.33 Intervention  0.4 ± 10.2  0.7± 9.8 0.90 DiastolicBblood Pressure (mmHg) LCD −5.7 ± 6.6 −3.9 ± 6.80.28 Intervention  1.4 ± 4.1  1.1 ± 5.8 0.83 Heart Rate (bpm) LCD −8.0 ±7.7 −8.5 ± 6.9 0.77 Intervention  2.5 ± 6.6  3.2 ± 7.6 0.72

TABLE 7 Physical Characteristics (mean ± S.D.) at Baseline of the 8-weekIntervention for the Placebo and Intervention Groups^(a) Placebo groupIntervention group (n = 23) (n = 57) Females/males 19/4 43/14 Age, y 51.0 ± 10.5  46.2 ± 10.9 Body Weight, kg 80.8 ± 8.2  84.2 ± 10.9 BMI,kg/m² 29.2 ± 2.4 28.8 ± 2.6 Fat Mass, kg 29.7 ± 7.3 28.7 ± 7.2 Fat FreeMass, kg 51.2 ± 8.1  55.5 ± 10.8 Total Body Fat Mass, % 36.7 ± 7.9 34.3± 7.6 Waist Circumference, cm 101.6 ± 5.9  100.9 ± 8.2  Systolic BloodPressure, mmHg 114 ± 10 114.7 ± 11.4 Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg 70.4± 5.7 71.3 ± 8.2 Heart Beat, bpm 59.3 ± 8.3 56.9 ± 7.8^(a)No significant difference in baseline values between groups (p <0.05) at initiation of intervention.

TABLE 8 Excretion of Faecal Energy and Lipids and Excretion of UrineCalcium, Nitrogen and Catecholamines (mean ± S.D) During the LCD andIntervention Period in the Placebo and Intervention Group Placebo groupIntervention group (n = 21, males) (n = 54, males) P-value Fecal Energy(kJ/g dry weight) LCD 16.9 ± 1.4 17.1 ± 1.7  P = 0.6 Intervention¹ 20.5± 1.9 19.1 ± 2.0  P = 0.004 Fecal Energy (kJ/day) LCD  431.3 ± 158.1601.1 ± 384.0 P = 0.07 Intervention¹  841.5 ± 426.4 903.2 ± 464.1 P =0.5 Fecal Fat (g/day) LCD  4.1 ± 1.9 5.0 ± 2.6 P = 0.2 Intervention¹ 8.3 ± 5.3 8.7 ± 4.3 P = 0.7 U-nitrogen (mg/day) LCD 10.1 ± 2.1 10.4 ±2.6  P = 0.6 Intervention¹ 12.5 ± 3.2 12.7 ± 3.4  P = 0.3 U-calcium(mg/day) LCD 106.6 ± 50.0 114.1 ± 59.4  P = 0.6 Intervention¹ 174.1 ±75.5 219.6 ± 104.4 P = 0.03 U-norepinephrine (nmol/day) LCD 259.4 ± 83.0283.5 ± 117.1 P = 0.4 Intervention¹ 323.1 ± 93.7 356.1 ± 158.8 P = 0.7U-epinephrine (nmol/day) LCD  40.0 ± 22.2 34.0 ± 17.6 P = 0.2Intervention¹  42.1 ± 18.5 36.0 ± 18.5 P = 0.5¹Adjusted for LCD levels

TABLE 9 Proportion of Subjects Reporting Adverse Events (AE) During8-week Treatment with the Simple Version of the Supplement, theEnterocoated Supplement, and the Placebo. Placebo Intervention groupTotal (n = 21) (n = 55) (n = 75) Gastro-intestinal Problems 47.6 32.737.3 Gall bladder Stones 4.8 3.6 4.0 Headache 52.4 32.7 38.7 Vertigo 4.83.6 4.0 Heartbeat 1.8 1.3 Shivering 1.8 1.3 Increased Sweating 1.8 1.3Nose Bleeding 1.8 1.3 Insomnia 1.8 1.3 Cold/Flu 19.0 18.2 18.7 SwollenLegs 1.3 1.3 Knee Pain 1.9 4.0 4.0 Total 138.1 103.7 114.7^(a) Homogeneity test was used when testing the difference betweensupplements in the prevalence of self-reported AE. The two groups werehomogeneous with respect to the prevalence of specific self-reported AEand total sum of self-reported AEs (P = NS).

1. A method for reducing the weight of an individual comprising the stepof administrating an effective amount of a composition comprisingcapsaicin or an analog thereof, L-tyrosine, green tea extract, andsupplemental caffeine or an analog thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1;wherein the green tea extract comprises catechin and caffeine.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the green tea extract comprises about 31 toabout 1,500 mg by weight of catechin and about 12 to about 600 mg byweight of caffeine.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compositioncomprises about 0.1 to about 4.8 mg by weight of capsaicin or an analogthereof; about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight of L-tyrosine; about 125to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green tea extract; and about 12 toabout 600 mg by weight of the supplemental caffeine or an analogthereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprisesabout 10,000 to about 480,000 Scoville heat units by weight of capsaicinor an analog thereof; about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight ofL-tyrosine; about 125 to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green teaextract; and about 12 to about 600 mg by weight of the supplementalcaffeine or an analog thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thecomposition comprises about 0.1 to about 4.8 mg by weight of capsaicinor an analog thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the compositioncomprises about 10,000 to about 480,000 Scoville heat units by weight ofcapsaicin or an analog thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thecomposition comprises about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight ofL-tyrosine.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprisesabout 125 to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green tea extract.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 12 to about600 mg by weight of the supplemental caffeine or an analog thereof. 11.The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprisescalcium.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition comprisesabout 50 to about 8,000 mg by weight of calcium.
 13. The method of claim1, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 14. A method for reducing body fat mass of anindividual and inhibiting the body fat mass regain comprising the stepsof a) administrating a first effective dose of a composition to reducethe body fat mass to achieve the desired body fat mass reduction; and b)administrating a second effective dose of the composition to inhibit thebody fat mass regain; wherein the composition comprises capsaicin or ananalog thereof, L-tyrosine, green tea extract, and supplemental caffeineor an analog thereof.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the green teaextract comprises catechin and caffeine.
 16. The method of claim 14,wherein the green tea extract comprises about 31 to about 1,500 mg byweight of catechin and about 12 to about 600 mg by weight of caffeine.17. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises about 0.1to about 4.8 mg by weight of capsaicin or an analog thereof; about 101to about 4,800 mg by weight of L-tyrosine; about 125 to about 6,000 mgby weight of the green tea extract; and about 12 to about 600 mg byweight of the supplemental caffeine or an analog thereof.
 18. The methodof claim 14, wherein the composition comprises about 10,000 to about480,000 Scoville heat units by weight of capsaicin or an analog thereof;about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight of L-tyrosine; about 125 to about6,000 mg by weight of the green tea extract; and about 12 to about 600mg by weight of the supplemental caffeine or an analog thereof.
 19. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises about 0.1 to about4.8 mg by weight of capsaicin or an analog thereof.
 20. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the composition comprises about 10,000 to about480,000 Scoville heat units by weight of capsaicin or an analog thereof.21. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises about 101to about 4,800 mg by weight of L-tyrosine.
 22. The method of claim 14,wherein the composition comprises about 125 to about 6,000 mg by weightof the green tea extract.
 23. The method of claim 14, wherein thecomposition comprises about 12 to about 600 mg by weight of thesupplemental caffeine or an analog thereof.
 24. The method of claim 14,wherein the composition further comprises calcium.
 25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the composition comprises about 50 to about 8,000 mgby weight of calcium.
 26. The method of claim 14, wherein thecomposition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27.A method for reducing the body fat mass of an individual comprising thestep of administrating an effective amount of a composition comprisingcapsaicin or an analog thereof, L-tyrosine, green tea extract, andsupplemental caffeine or an analog thereof.
 28. The method of claim 27,wherein the green tea extract comprises catechin and caffeine.
 29. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the green tea extract comprises about 31 toabout 1,500 mg by weight of catechin and about 12 to about 600 mg byweight of caffeine.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the compositioncomprises about 0.1 to about 4.8 mg by weight of capsaicin or an analogthereof; about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight of L-tyrosine; about 125to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green tea extract; and about 12 toabout 600 mg by weight of the supplemental caffeine or an analogthereof.
 31. The method of claim 27, wherein the composition comprisesabout 10,000 to about 480,000 Scoville heat units by weight of capsaicinor an analog thereof; about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weight ofL-tyrosine; about 125 to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green teaextract; and about 12 to about 600 mg by weight of the supplementalcaffeine or an analog thereof.
 32. The method of claim 27, wherein thecomposition comprises about 0.1 to about 4.8 mg by weight of capsaicinor an analog thereof.
 33. The method of claim 27, wherein thecomposition comprises about 10,000 to about 480,000 Scoville heat unitsby weight of capsaicin or an analog thereof.
 34. The method of claim 27,wherein the composition comprises about 101 to about 4,800 mg by weightof L-tyrosine.
 35. The method of claim 27, wherein the compositioncomprises about 125 to about 6,000 mg by weight of the green teaextract.
 36. The method of claim 27, wherein the composition comprisesabout 12 to about 600 mg by weight of the supplemental caffeine or ananalog thereof.
 37. The method of claim 27, wherein the compositionfurther comprises calcium.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein thecomposition comprises about 50 to about 8,000 mg by weight of calcium.39. The method of claim 27, wherein the composition further comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.